Chewing gum base and method of production



Patented Apr; 16, 1940 2,191,240- Y pggwmqem,msn sunrm'rnon orf cum-n FrankArGal-buttlm Angeles,.0alii. e

,raonuc'nos menu; Roscoe; we: to

m Amputation mama more.) i f8erial No.'l1 98,'I19

sum (or. 99-135),"

inventionlrelates to the compounding .ofa chewing gum ba'se,more particularly to, the production of a chewing gum base oitheresin-and rubber type; The term rubber isto be taken 5: as covering lastics in general, including theyar ious synthetic substitutes for natural rubber. j v A natural gum base, suchas chicle, has as its essential ingredientsrresin and rubber, and the 'most successfulartiflclal chewing' gum bases are ldlikewisebuiltaround resin-like andL'rubber-like materials." The properties sought in a manufactured synthetic chewing g'umebase, diiilcult to describe but well known .to those skilled in, the

art, I have discovered to bedeterinined largely 1 by the physical properties 0! theresin-like content perse and by the relationship'e xisting between suchcontentand thefrubber inthe compositionh In ehicle the remand rubber-mecca '20 stituents are coagulatedby; nature substantially independex'itly of each other, the two coagulations being intimately intermeshedso thateachbreaks ,up the continuity oi the other For the ,niost part, each of these ltwoaessential ingredients ,re-

12:, mains out oisolution'with theother, a factor that has an important bearing .on the general char- "acter of the product, but there is also t'certain degree 01' mutual "solution of the two, a factor that l likewise has an essential influence on the properso ,tiesof the product.

- It is dimcult to miss tn negts or one two factors because a both, seem :to be. present in any composition of the resin-an d rubber ftypel'that will pass for a chewing gum base, but some gen- 5 eral observations maybe made. The se enters into the resistancc tofmastication oi. the

a chewing gum, the consistency orplasticity or the the [father hand, the rubber-rresin solution present chewing gum' at, month. temperature.

conrributes a' necessary resiliency factor that yaries with the ratio of such solution to the quantity of resin andrubber. In fact; if there is no mutual solution whatsoverthe' productiis too'dry and lifeless to be of value.

- 45 v "The ratio'of solutionvmust bekept .low, howevnbecause otherwisean undesirable property in the finished productis developed, that, in'the I j absence-oi any standard nomenclature, may be ,a ptly termedthe "suction characteristic," By sojthis term is meantan undesirabletendency or the gum ltolie close tothe teeth with a suction action'that may be distinguished mm the .fad-

'hesiveness or a stickyor substance, Just as the tendency-oi two pieces otjwet glass to stick is together is distinctirom the mutual adherence of two objects havine a commonbond otglue;

This property iswell known to chewing sum manuiacturers l'iecause it is almost inevitably encounterecl' in experiments performed in If the de- 1 troublesome because thesf 'obvious "expedient 0:

adding ingredients with vaj'yiew to modifying or L neutralizing this characteristic invariably aflects other characteristics, introducinr new problems and 'difllculties. Ii the degree of resin-rubber so- 10 lution is excessive, the composition becomes w too rubbery and bubble-like for achewlng'gumioi the conventional type, j I

The central problem oi manufacturing a chew- 1 m gum base oifthe type invol'yed herepand the-18'- eenejral obiect'of my invention is to proyide an intermixt or rubber-like :andresin-like matei'ials havin'g theproper proportion-ofresin-l'ike inaterlal oi a jdesired character, the proper proportion oirubb'erlike material. and the degree of mutual solution-between the, two. i i a he l is, 1 0. 91 te br the history of the art.-

The; dimcultieskin'volyed have beeneinherent in the resins heretofore em-' 'ployed, including, for example, cumarone resins; v cyclic aromatic petroleum resins, and various resins'extracted from;balata.'gutta mm, and

.jelutong; Each of theseresinshas a-iai'rly' deflnite melting point and has a definite rubber solubility characteristic, i. e.,' anunchangeabletend-jlll ency to, enter mm solution with 'rubber to a; defltion in the finished product; Onthe other'handQ untortunately, thelower melting resins are-"indicatedj as necessary 'i'orthosepropertiesfog ing'gum that arejderiyed from the ii'ndissolv'ed a1.- '7 resin inthe composition. In the manufacturing:

1,01 chewing gum, thefdividing pointbetween high melting and' low melting resinsmay be oonven-.

"ientlyset"'at'85fC. tOSWCJ-{tiflfithproblems Q "of utilizing resins melting at substantially above this "dividing point differs 1 from the problems-oi employing resins meltingsubstanti'ally the .ldwmmgpomt.

Various attempts .havebeen meetthe Y dilemmapresentjed-by the necessitytorohoosing' I0 I between a highmeltingresin-toike'cp solution in boundsand a low 'm'eltineresinto give the chew The least successiulatt'empts have the the character. required in "commerce;

directionz'o't doctorinsa man meltine-re'sin'fwith II I a various agents to approximate the physical characteristics of low melting resin. Some measure of success, however, has been achieved by using low melting resins and taking measures to comapparently have neither understood the basic problem involved nor appreciated the nature of the resulting dilemma. Rather, they have been aware simply that some conflict is involved in that certain essential properties in a chewing gum are associated with high melting resins and other essential properties are associated with low melting resins and that various expedients with varying success may be employed to compensate for the propertieslost bychoosing one to the exclusion of the other.

The first step in my invention consists .in' the discovery of the basic problem, as setforth in the analysis above, and the second step of my invention is in the remedy. The root of the difliculty, as previously noted, has been that no single resin suitable for chewing gum has been known to be characterized by both a low melting point and a low degree of solubility with'rubber. It follows from my disclosure of this basic difficulty that by changing the melting point or changing the solution tendency of a suitable resin, either characteristic independently of the other, a resin might be produced with both the desirable properties required for undissolved resin in a chewing gum base and with the desired relatively small inherenttendency to enter into solution with rubber.

. The aforementioned dilemma would then disappear.

One of .the objects of my invention is, in effect, to control. the rubber-solubility of a resin independently of its melting .point to meetv the requirement of chewing'gum. Another object is to both simplify the process of manufacturing a chewing gum base and to improve the product thereof by omitting from that process the expedients and materials ordinarily required, to control rubber-solubility.

The rubber-solubilitycharacteristic stressed to this point is not to be confused with solubility in organicsolvents in general. Solubility in the latter and usual sense is independent of rubbersolubilitya A resin, for example, may be completely. soluble in petroleum but may have a very low degree of rubber-solubility.

Ihave discovered that resins produced by polymerizing hydrocarbons in the presence of an acidacting metallic halide catalyst are suited to the practice of my invention since they may be pro- 1 duced as odorless, tasteless resins of stable character and since the rubber-solubility characteristic of such resins may be controlled. AlCls has commonlybeen used alone as a catalyst in the past, the product being soluble resins intermixed with insoluble substances, the resins being acceptable when isolated for use in a chewing gum base. Hydrocarbons may now, however, be polymerizedunder conditions resulting in resinouslike materials that are of the proper character other end, from products that to be used in chewing gum} substantially in the form produced, the usual concomitant insoluble constituents being largely, if not entirely, avoided. In one procedure, for example, that given in the van Peski Patent No. 2,092,295, hydrocarbons including conjugated double bond diolefines, or mixtures of such dioleiines with oleflnes and/or with aromatic hydrocarbons, are polymerized in the presence of a metallic acid-acting halide such as AlCla mixed either with another inorganic halide with a dipole moment such as NaCl, or with an organic compound that possesses a dipole moment and that is capable of forming a complex withl the metallic halide, such an organic compound as nitro-benzene, the temperature of the reaction being held preferably between C. and 50 C.

The class of resins suitable for this invention and contemplated in my claims include any mixtures of oleflne-diolefine-substituted benzene that polymerize to form resinous substances, the term oleflne-diolefine" being a convenient designation for the resins of this class.

These newer polymerization products ofhydrocarbon fractionsformed in the presence of a metallic acid-acting halide are usable in achewing gum base in large or small quantity, depending may be derived from a wide variety of olefines and dioleflnes and may range physically'from materials of gummy rubbery quality at one end to materials of highly resinous character at the are quite soft to those that are brittle. v

The rubber-solubility'ofa resin so produced is influenced to various degrees by the particular hydrocarbon fractions or mixtures of fractions selected, by the proportion of conjugated double bond diolefines to oleflnes or aromatics, by the proportioning of constituentsin a complex catalyst, and, finally, by distillation subsequent to polymerization.

Thejflexibility of these newer polymerization processes makes it possible to control the rubbersolubility of the polymerization product to such anextent that a resin may be produced with any inherent rubber-solubility desired. Thus, by

manipulation of the various factors. indicated above, such a polymerization process may be pointed to the production of an ideal low melting resin having approidmately the degree of rubbersolubility that corresponds'to the proportion of resin-rubber solution'desiredl in a chewing gum base.

With the information already available in the art, a skilled operator may choose his materials and manipulate the polymerization process to produce resins suitable for a chewing gum base. Some general observations, however, may be helpful. v

The rubber-solubility characteristic and the general character of the resin may be most readily influenced by varying the raw materials. As an example of a marked change in the final prod- ,uct produced by a relatively small change in the starting materials, it may be noted that while special dioleflnes such as the simple homologues of butadiene polymerized alone produce well known rubber like substances, other materials such as mono-oleflnes may be added in relatively" small quantity to cause a shift from rubber-like to resin-like properties. A material having utility in chewing gum may be so produced.

I prefer, however, in seeking a suitable resinlarger than the basic mixture, the lower ratios like material for chewing gum, to employ one of two fractions of-drastically cracked'petroleum distillate, or a mixture of the two fractions, as thebasisof my starting material. The first of thesefractions boilsbetween 25 C, and 60- C.

and contains among other active agents CsHa and Cal-I10 hydrocarbons, straight chain olefines and diolefineaand varying proportions of CsH's 'cyclicdiol'efine's such as cyclopentadiene. Such a; fraction'is very rich in diolefines. The second fraction'boils between 125 C. and 180 C. :and

contains large proportions of hydrocarbonsbf the-formula CmHiz, polymers of cyclic dioleflnes;

some polymers of the :low straight chain oleflnes and diolefines and cyclic olefines." Where relatively low rubber-solubility in the resultant resin is sought, I lean towards thehigher boiling fraction to favor larger molecules with-heterogeneous linking." I

- Various additions may be made'to basic mixture to influence the hardness of the resultant 'resin substantially independently of the rubber-solubility characteristic; "Thus, I may favor softness in the resultant resin by increasingtheproportion of'oleflnes. Im'ay add to my a basic mixture for this purpose either a pure olefine or a hydrocarbon fraction containing substantial proportions of an oleiine, the only restrictions being that substituted benzenes be avoided. As an example of a pure olefine, amylenemay be added in amount varying from one-tenthof the basic mixture to an amount equal to or being preferable; -The expense of adding such -a' pure olefine'may be avoided, for example, by

adding a fraction containing hexane-from the "vapor phase cracking ofparaflin to give the mol quantity of mono-oleflne desired. The effect of I addingolefi'nes to the basic mixture of material follows from'the fact that-an oleflne polymerized alone produces an oil rather than a solid'or 'semisolid substance. '0leflnes condense with substituted aromatics but not with benezene; the resultantv compounds being 01' "high molecular weight. I havefound, however, that the presence I of substituted aromatics givehighly unsaturated products that readily oxidize and readily react 1 Such a resin in which the melting point is controlled by manipulation of the factors of polymerization may be employed alone as substantially the total resinous content of a. chewing gum base, thus making it possible to produce a superior chewing gum base without resorting to any expedient or added material to retard or inhibit the formation of resin-rubber solution in the chewing gum. For example, substantially the total resinous content of a resin-and-rubber type of chewing gum may comprise a product having a melting point of 65 C. obtained by polymerizing an oleiine-diolefine mixture of hydrocarbon fractions boiling below 50 C., the polymerization being carried out in the presence of As an exampleof ai'ormula of this type, I may employ 50-parts of;low melting resin-material 465" 0.)] obtained by .polymerizing an, olefln'edioleflne; fraction as indicated, 15 parts of rub- -AlCl: combined with nitro-benzene as a catalyst.

ber, 5.parts ofcarnauba wax,and 5'parts of tallow (mutton) or the equivalentof :cocoabutter orthe like. The chewing gum may lee-compounded bymixing-thev resin, wax and tallow in melted state into the 'rubber-qin. any suitable manner known to the art, for, example,;by the use of rolls. Other materialslknown to the 1 art may-be added;

- In additionto theprocedure just described, my concept includes a second more flexible practice in which. the required rubber-solubility characteristic *in theresinous content of thechewing gum'base is attained by-blending two low melting resins to getaresultantsolubility character- ;istic,asdistinguished from relying solely on mav,n'ip'ulating the conditions, of polymerization .oi' a single resin... The blending of low meltin resins,

to provide the resinous. content of a chewing gum base is-not to-be confused with the various priorv art practices of, mixing low melting resins with. high melting resins. Itis to beemphasized 15 that the properties sought in "a chewing gumv *1 base of firstgualtiy are associated with low melting resinsand that any additionof highmelting .-,resin-'is-at a cost of quality in the, gum not en tirely. avoidable by the addition-oi any modifying agents to the mixture, Inj mypractice ofblending suitable low melting resins, I may, concentrate my attention on the attainment fa resultant. solubility characteristic inthe knowledge thatconsiderable latitude may be had .with'rela tively little effect on the. general character of the final chewing, gum, so long as the blending is .iconfined to low melting resins. Tomyknowledge such apractice derivedqfrom mystudy ofjthe problems 'of chewing-'glunfmanufature is new in the-art; 1-

1 A feature f this second practice of my invention is that the, solubility characteristic attained by controlling polymerization factors is not critical, since such; characteristic is subject to correc-- tion by. blending. For example, if resin formed by hydrocarbon polymerization in the presence of a metallic halideis to formthe entireresinmentary batches may be drawn on for blending, one produced under conditions insuring a higher rubber-solubility characteristic than desired in the chewing gum base and the other produced under conditions insuringa lower rubber-solubility characteristic than desired. The proportion in which the two batches are to be blended may ous content of, a chewing-gumbase, two comple- I be determined by sample mixes or both batches may be tested for solubility ratings from which the proper proportioning may be derived.

The blended resins may comprise one resin produced by hydrocarbon polymerization in the presence of a metallic halide and one resin selected from those heretofore utilized in this art. Since all of the suitable low melting resins heretofore employed in the art, including natural resins and synthetic resins, such as cumarone resin and the cyclic aromatic-petroleum resins, are characterized without exception by too high rubber-solubility, the new resin will necessarily have a rel-' atively low degree 01' rubber-solubility.

'As an example of this second practice, I may take a resin melting'at approximately 0. ob-

. tained by polymerizing an oleflne-dioleflne mix- I ture in the presence of AlCls-nitro-benzene, or

other suitable catalyst, and combine therewith 7 one or more of the old low melting resins to form the resinous content of my chewing'gum base. Thus, I may employ 50 .partsof thenew low meltingresin and 15 parts. of jelutong resin, in which combination either constituent may beregarded as correcting or compensating the rubber-solubility characteristic of the other to produce a-resultant predetermined. rubber-solubility characteristic. The chewing'gum may be completed in the usual manner by adding 15 parts of rubber,'5 parts of carnauba wax, and 5 parts of I mutton tallow and other materials known to the art. a 1

Since jelutong itself contains rubber, I am enabled with the new type of resin to compound a chewing gum base without including rubber as a separate ingredient. Thus, I-may use 50 parts of the oleflne-diolefine resin, 30 parts of jeluton'g, and 20 parts of such ingredients as hangkang, gutta katian, hard fat, or other supplementary substances'imown to the art.

It is apparent that processesiof producing a chewing gum base incorporating oleflne-dioleflne resins may be quite flexible. By adding increasing amounts of the more gummy polymerization products of the olefine-diolefine processes, I

have been able to cut downvtheamount oi rubber in the chewing gum base progressively to the point of producing a chewing gum base containing norubber whatsoever additional to rubberlike oleilne-dioleflne polymers.

For the purposes of the present disclosure, I- .have given preferred ingredients andproportions which may be modified by those skilled in the art without departing from the principles otmy invention; I reserve the right to all such changes and modifications that properly come within the resultant inherent rubber-solubility characteristic corresponding to the degree 01' resin-rubber .solution required in the chewing gum'base, at

least one'of said resins containing hydrocarbon polymers of dioleflnes formed in the catalytic presence of a metallicacid-acting halide. I 3. A chewing gum base of the resin-and-rubber type in which the resinous ingredient has a low melting point and an inherent rubber-solubility characteristiccorresponding to the proportion of resin-rubber solution required in the base and contains polymers-oi dioleflnes. f

4; A chewing gum base containing an oleflnedioleflne resin and rubber.

5.-A chewing gum base containing an oleflnedioleflne resin and jelutong. r

6. A chewing gum base containing oleflne-diolefine resin and natural gums.

7. A chewing gum base containing olefine-diolefine resin as a major/ ingredient and a natural gum as a minor ingredient.

.8. In the manufacture of a chewing gum base of the resin-and-rubber type, a method of obtaining a requireddegree of resin-rubber solution in the final product, said method being characterized by the mixing with rubber 01' a resin having a rubber-solubility characteristic corresponding with said degree and containing. .hydrocarbon polymers of dioleflnes formed in the catalytic presence of a metallic acid-acting halide. v a? 9. In the manufacture of a'fchewing gum base of theresin-rubber type, a method of obtaining a required degree of resin-rubber solution in the final product without employing expedients to retard the inherent, tendency of the resin to enter into solution with the rubber, said method comprising intermixing two low melting resins having different rubber-solubility characteristics to attain a resultant rubber with an intermediate inherent rubber-solubility characteristic corresponding tosaid req'uired degree ofresinrubber solution prior to intermixing the resinous and rubber-like ingredients of the chewing gum base, at least one of said resins containing hydrocarbon polymers of dioleflnes formed in the catalytic presence of a metallic acid-acting halide.

GEORGE A. 

